The MiamiCommercialBPO.com Approach
The Income Approach
The income approach is used to value commercial or industrial properties, or properties which are bought and sold by investors primarily because of their income producing potential. This approach to value depends on reliable and detailed information on the income and the costs of doing business for a particular business or enterprise. This is referred to as the “income stream” of the property. The income approach defines value as “the present worth of future benefits of owning a property.” These are composed of the annual income for an estimated number of years (called the economic life of the property) plus a capital amount representing land value or land value plus some remaining worth of the improvements. This approach emphasizes investment components rather than physical components of a property.
The steps in the income approach are:
- Estimate potential gross income (PGI)
- Deduct vacancy and collection losses
- Add miscellaneous income to derive effective gross income (EGI)
- Deduct operating expenses to derive net operating income (NOI)
- Select appropriate capitalization rate and method
- Develop an estimated value
The Sales Comparison Approach
The sales comparison approach in a real estate appraisal is based primarily on the principle of substitution. This approach assumes a prudent individual will pay no more for a property than it would cost to purchase a comparable substitute property. The approach recognizes that a typical buyer will compare asking prices and seek to purchase the property that meets his or her wants and needs for the lowest cost. In developing the sales comparison approach, the state licensed real estate appraiser attempts to interpret and measure the actions of parties involved in the marketplace, including buyers, sellers, and investors.
Method of Data Collection Data are collected on recent sales of properties similar to the subject being valued, called comparables. Sources of comparable data include real estate publications, public records, buyers, seller, real estate brokers and/or agents, appraisers, and others. Important details of each comparable sale are described in the appraisal report. Since comparable sales are not usually identical to the subject property, adjustments may be made for date of sale, location, style, amenities, square footage, site size, etc. The main idea is to simulate the price that would have been paid if each comparable sale were identical to the subject property. If the adjustment to the comparable is superior to the subject, a downward adjustment is necessary. Likewise, if the adjustment to the comparable is inferior to the subject, an upward adjustment is necessary. From the analysis of the group of adjusted sales prices of the comparable sales, the state licensed real estate appraiser selects an indicator of value that is representative of the subject property.
Steps in the Sales Comparison Approach
- Research the market to obtain information pertaining to sales, listings, pending sales that are similar to the subject property.
- Investigate the market data to determine whether they are factually correct and accurate.
- Determine relevant units of comparison (e.g., sales price per square foot), and develop a comparative analysis for each.
- Compare the subject and comparable sales according to the elements of comparison and adjust as appropriate.
- Reconcile the multiple value indications that result from the adjustment of the comparable sales into a single value indication.
